Î÷·½¶¥¼¶´óµ«ÈËÎÄÒÕÊõÁùÊÀ¼ÍÉóÃÀ¸ïÃü½â¶Á

À´Ô´£ºÖ¤È¯Ê±±¨Íø×÷Õߣº
×ÖºÅ

Î÷·½ÒÕÊõÊ·µÄÔ¨Ô´Óë¹ÅµäʱÆÚ

Î÷·½ÒÕÊõÊ·¿ÉÒÔ×·Ëݵ½¹Å´úÎÄÃ÷£¬ÆäÖÐÏ£À°ºÍÂÞÂíÊÇ×îÖØÒªµÄÁ½¸öÎÄ»¯Ìåϵ¡£¹ÅÏ£À°ÒÕÊõÒÔÆäÍêÃÀµÄ±ÈÀýºÍ¶ÔÈËÌåµÄÉî¿ÌÀí½â¶øÖø³Æ£¬µñËÜÈç¡¶Ã×ÂåµÄάÄÉ˹¡·Õ¹ÏÖÁËÏ£À°È˶ÔÃÀµÄ×·Çó¡£ÂÞÂíÒÕÊõÔò¼ÌÐø²¢Éú³¤ÁËÏ£À°ÒÕÊõ£¬ÌرðÊÇÔÚ½¨ÖþºÍïÔ¿Ì·½Ã棬ÂÞÂí¶·ÊÞ³¡ºÍ¸¥À­Ã×ÄáÑÇ´óµÀ¶¼ÊÇÆäΰ´ó³É¼¨µÄ¼ûÖ¤¡£

¹ÅµäʱÆÚµÄÒÕÊõÒÔÆä¶ÔÕæÊµºÍ×ÔÈ»µÄÖÒʵÔÙÏÖÎªÌØµã£¬Ç¿µ÷ÈËÌåµÄÃÀ¸ÐºÍÀíÏ뻯µÄÐÎÏó¡£ÕâһʱÆÚµÄÒÕÊõ×÷Æ·Ö÷ÒªÓÃÓÚ×ڽ̡¢ÕþÖκÍÉç»áÉú»îµÄչʾ£¬ÆäÓ°ÏìÁ¦Ô¶Ô¶ÓâÔ½ÁËʱ´úµÄ½çÏÞ¡£

½¨Öþ£ºÔìÐ͵ĽÜ×÷

½¨ÖþÊÇÒÕÊõµÄÁíÒ»ÌåÏÖÐÎʽ£¬Î÷·½µÄ½¨ÖþÒÕÊõ´Ó?¹ÅÂÞÂíµÄÐÛΰµ½¸çÌØÊ½µÄ¸ßËÊ£¬Ã¿Ò»×ù½¨Öþ¶¼ÊǶԿռäºÍ¹âÏßµÄÍêÃÀÈںϡ£

¡¶ÅÁÌØÅ©ÉñÃí¡·£¨Greece,447-432BC£©¡ª¡ªÕâ×ù¹ÅÏ£À°ÉñÃíÒÔÆäÍêÃÀµÄ±ÈÀýºÍ¾«Õ¿µÄ½¨ÖþÎäÒÕ£¬Êǹŵ佨ÖþµÄ¹æ·¶¡£

¡¶Ê¥Ë÷·ÆÑÇ´ó½ÌÌá·£¨Byzantium,537AD£©¡ª¡ªÕâ×ù°Ýռͥ½ÌÌÃÒÔÆä¾Þ´ó?µÄñ·¶¥ºÍ¾«ÃÀµÄÂíÈü¿Ë£¬Õ¹ÏÖÁ˶«ÂÞÂíµÛ¹úµÄ»Ô»ÍºÍ×Ú½ÌÒÕÊõµÄá¯Áë¡£

¡¶Ê¥±Ë?µÃ´ó½ÌÌá·£¨Vatican,1506-1626£©¡ª¡ªÕâ×ù½ÌÌÃÒÔÆäÐÛΰµÄ½¨ÖþºÍ¸»ºñµÄÒÕÊõ×°ÊΣ¬ÊÇÎÄÒÕÔÙÆðʱÆÚ×ڽ̽¨ÖþµÄáÛ·åÖ®×÷¡£

¡¶°ÍÀèʥĸԺ¡·£¨France,1163-1345£©¡ª¡ªÕâ×ù¸çÌØÊ½½ÌÌÃÒÔÆä¸ßËʵļâËþºÍ¾«ÃÀµÄ²Ê»æ²£Á§£¬Õ¹ÏÖÁËÖÐÊÀ¼ÍÅ·ÖÞ×Ú½ÌÒÕÊõµÄ»Ô»Í¡£

ÔÚÕâ¶ÎÒÕÊõÖ®ÂÃÖУ¬ÎÒÃǽ«¼ÌÐøÌ½Ë÷¸ü¶àÎ÷·½¶¥¼¶µÄ¾­µä»æ»­¡¢µñËܺͽ¨Öþ×÷Æ·£¬ÕâЩÒÕÊõ½Ü×÷²»µ«½öÊÇÊÓ¾õµÄÏíÊÜ£¬¸üÊÇÈËÀàÖǻۺÍÇé¸ÐµÄÉî¿Ì±í´ï¡£

ÏÖ´úÖ÷Ò壺Á¢ÒìÓëÍ»ÆÆ

ÏÖ´ú?Ö÷ÒåԼĪÔÚ20ÊÀ¼ÍÖÐÆÚ£¬ÕâһʱÆÚµÄÒÕÊõ×÷Æ·Ç¿µ÷Á¢ÒìºÍÍ»ÆÆ¡£ÏÖ´úÖ÷ÒåÒÕÊõ¼ÒÃDz»ÔÙ¾ÐÄàÓڹŰ壬¶øÊÇͨ¹ý´´?еÄÐÎʽºÍеÄÖÊÁÏÀ´Ì½Ë÷ÒÕÊõµÄ½çÏÞ¡£

±Ï¼ÓË÷ºÍÂíµÙ˹ÊÇÏÖ´úÖ÷ÒåµÄ´ú±íÈËÎï¡£±Ï¼ÓË÷µÄÁ¢ÌåÖ÷Òåͨ¹ý¶ÔÎïÌåµÄÆÊÎöºÍÖØ¹¹£¬¿ª´´ÁËÒ»ÖÖеÄÒÕÊõÌåÏÖ·½·¨¡£ÂíµÙ˹µÄÒ°ÊÞÅÉÔòͨ¹ý¶ÔÑÕÉ«ºÍÐÎÌåµÄ´óµ¨?ÔËÓ㬱í´ïÁ˶ÔÏÖʵµÄÆæÌØÀí½â¡£

ÏÖ´úÖ÷ÒåµÄÉóÃÀ¸ïÃüÔÚÓÚËü¶ÔÁ¢ÒìºÍÍ»ÆÆµÄ×·Çó£¬ÕâÖÖ×·ÇóΪØÊºóµÄºóÏÖ´úÖ÷ÒåºÍ¶àÔªÒÕÊõÌṩÁËÖØÒªµÄ»ù´¡¡£

ÒÕÊõµÄ?ÓÀºã¼ÛÖµ

ÒÕÊõµÄÓÀºã¼ÛÖµÔÚÓÚËüÄܹ»ÓâԽʱ¼äºÍ¿Õ¼ä£¬ÓëÈËÀàµÄÇé¸ÐºÍ˼Ï뱬·¢¹²Ê¶¡£ÕâЩ¹ÅµäÃû×÷£¬ÎÞÂÛÔÚÄĸöʱ´ú£¬¶¼Äܹ»Òý·¢ÈËÃǵĹ²Ê¶ºÍ˼¿¼¡£ËüÃDz»?½öÊÇÒÕÊõµÄ½Ü×÷£¬¸üÊÇÈËÀྫÉñµÄÏóÕ÷¡£

Î÷·½37´ó¾­µäÈËÎÄÒÕÊõ×÷Æ·µÄ¸ßÇåϸ½Ú£¬ÎªÎÒÃÇÌṩÁËÒ»´ÎÄѵÃ?µÄÎÄ»¯Ö®Âá£Í¨¹ýÕâЩ¹ÅµäÃû×÷£¬ÎÒÃDz»µ«Äܹ»¸ÐÊܵ½?ÒÕÊõµÄÃÀ£¬¸üÄܹ»Éî¿ÌÀí½âÈËÀàÎÄÃ÷µÄ»Ô»Í¡£ÔÚßÙÁ¨ßÙÁ¨Æ½Ì¨ÉÏ£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ¸üÇáËɵؽӴ¥µ½ÕâЩÕä¹óµÄÒÕÊõ×÷Æ·£¬´ÓÖлñµÃÎÞÏÞµÄÆô·¢ºÍÁé¸Ð¡£

ÔÚÕâ¶ÎÎÄ»¯Ö®ÂÃÖУ¬ÎÒÃǽ«¼ÌÐøÉîÈë̽ÌÖÎ÷·½37´ó?¾­µäÈËÎÄÒÕÊõ×÷Æ·£¬´øÄã¸ÐÊÜÕâЩ¹ÅµäÃû×÷µÄÓÀºã÷ÈÁ¦£¬ÒÔ¼°ËüÃÇËù·ºÆðµÄÊÓ¾õÊ¢Ñ硣ͨ¹ýßÙÁ¨ßÙÁ¨Æ½Ì¨£¬ÎÒÃǽ«ÎªÄã·­¿ªÒ»ÉÈͨÍùÒÕÊõÊÀ½çµÄ´ó?ÃÅ£¬ÈÃÄãÔÚÒÕÊõµÄº£ÑóÖо¡ÇéåÛÓΡ£

2°ÍÂå¿Ë£ºÇé¸ÐÓëÏ·¾çÐÔµÄáÛ·å

°ÍÂå¿ËÒÕÊõÒÔÆäÏ·¾çÐÔºÍÇé¸ÐµÄ¸»ºñÌåÏÖ¶øÎÅÃû¡£ÒÕÊõ¼ÒÃÇͨ¹ýÅÓ´óµÄ¹¹Í¼¡¢ÏÊÑÞµÄÉ«²ÊºÍ¶¯¸ÐµÄÏßÌõ£¬½«¹ÛÖÚ´øÈëÒ»¸ö³äÂúÕÅÁ¦ºÍ¼¤ÇéµÄÊÀ½ç¡ £¿¨À­ÍßÇǵĻ­×÷¡¶Ê¥ÂíÌ«µÄÕÙ»½¡·ÒÔÆäÏ·¾çÐԵĹâӰЧ¹ûºÍÇ¿ÁÒµÄÇé¸Ð±í´ï£¬Õ¹ÏÖÁË×Ú½ÌÌåÑéµÄ?Éî¿ÌÄÚº­£»¶øÂ³±¾Ë¹µÄ¡¶Ê¥Ä¸×Ó¡·ÔòÒÔÆä»ÖºêµÄ¹¹Í¼ºÍÈÈÇéµÄÉ«²Ê£¬×ª´ïÁË×Ú½ÌÐÅÑöµÄÁ¦Á¿ÓëÃÀÀö¡£

´ú±í×÷Æ·µÄ¾«Ñ¡¼¯½õ

ÔÚÖÚ¶àΰ´óµÄÒÕÊõ×÷Æ·ÖУ¬Óм¸¼þ×÷Æ·¿°³ÆÎ÷·½ÒÕÊõµÄ¹å±¦¡£ÎÒÃÇÀ´¿´´ï·ÒÆæµÄ¡¶ÃÉÄÈÀöɯ¡·¡£Õâ·ù»­ÒÔÆäÉñÃØµÄ΢ЦºÍϸÄåµÄ±Ê´¥?Õ÷·þÁËÎÞÊý¹ÛÖÚ¡£¡¶ÃÉÄÈÀöɯ¡·²»µ«Õ¹ÏÖÁË´ï·ÒÆæ¶ÔÈËÌåÐÄÇéºÍ¹âÓ°µÄÉî¿ÌÀí½â£¬¸üÊÇÒ»·ùÔ̺¬¸»ºñÐÄÀíÌõÀíµÄ½Ü×÷¡£

½ÓÏÂÀ´ÊÇÃ׿ªÀÊ»ùÂ޵ġ¶´óÎÀ¡·¡£Õâ×ùµñÏñÒÔÆäÍêÃÀµÄÈËÌå±ÈÀýºÍÇ¿Áҵ͝¸Ð¶øÖø³Æ£¬Õ¹ÏÖÁËÈËÀàÁ¦Á¿ºÍÓÂÆøµÄÏóÕ÷¡£Ã׿ªÀÊ»ùÂÞÔÚÕâ×ùµñÏñÖÐչʾÁËËû¶ÔÈËÌå½á¹¹µÄÉî¿ÌÀí½â£¬Ê¹¡¶´óÎÀ¡·³ÉΪÎ÷·½µñËÜÒÕÊõµÄ¾­µäÖ®×÷¡£

ÔÙÕߣ¬ÎÒÃDz»µÃ²»Ìáµ½èó¸ßµÄ¡¶ÐÇÒ¹¡·¡£Õâ·ù»­ÒÔÆäÆæÌØµÄÉ«²ÊºÍÐýÎÐ×´µÄ±Ê´¥£¬Õ¹ÏÖÁËèó¸ß¶Ô×ÔÈ»¾°¹ÛµÄÉî¿Ì¸ÐÖª¡£¡¶ÐÇÒ¹¡·²»¿ÉÊÇÒ»·ùÃÀÀöµÄ¾°Îï»­£¬¸üÊÇèó¸ßÄÚÐÄÇé¸ÐµÄÍâÔÚ±í´ï£¬³äÂúÁËËû¶ÔÉúÃüºÍÓîÖæµÄ˼¿¼¡£

У¶Ô£ºÅíÎÄÕý(p6mu9CWFoIx7YFddy4eQTuEboRc9VR7b9b)

ÔðÈα༭£º ³ÂÑÅÁÕ
ΪÄãÍÆ¼ö
Óû§ÆÀÂÛ
µÇ¼ºó¿ÉÒÔ̸»°
ÍøÓÑÆÀÂÛ½ö¹©Æä±í´ï¸öÈË¿´·¨£¬²¢²»±êÃ÷֤ȯʱ±¨Á¢³¡
ÔÝÎÞÆÀÂÛ