͸ÄɵÄ×ÔÈ»ÐÛΰ
½Ü¿Ë¡¤ÉªË¹¶Ù¡¤Í¸ÄÉ£¨1775-1851£©ÊÇÀËÂþÖ÷ÒåµÄ´ú±íÈËÎïÖ®Ò»£¬ËûµÄ×÷Æ·³äÂúÁ˶Ô×ÔÈ»µÄÔÞÃÀºÍ¶ÔÇé¸ÐµÄÉî¿Ì±í´ï¡£¡¶»ð£¡»ð£¡¡·ÊÇËû×îÖøÃûµÄ×÷Æ·Ö®Ò»£¬Í¨¹ý¶Ô»ðÑæµÄÃè»æ£¬Õ¹ÏÖÁË´ó×ÔÈ»µÄÁ¦Á¿ºÍÈËÀàµÄ´à?Èõ¡£Í¸ÄɵÄ×÷Æ·²»µ«ÔÚÊÓ¾õÉÏÁîÈËÕ𺳣¬¸üÔÚÇé¸ÐÉϸøÈËÒÔÉî¿ÌµÄ¹²Ê¶¡£
ÀËÂþÖ÷ÒåµÄÇé¸Ð±¬?·¢
ÀËÂþÖ÷ÒåÔ˶¯ÔÚ18ÊÀ¼ÍÄ©ºÍ19ÊÀ¼Í³õÐËÆð£¬Ëü×èµ²¹ÅµäÖ÷ÒåµÄÀíÐÔºÍÖÈÐò£¬Ç¿µ÷¸öÈËÇé¸ÐºÍ×ÔÈ»µÄÁ¦Á¿¡£ÀËÂþÖ÷ÒåÒÕÊõ¼ÒÈç»ªÌØ¡¤Ë¹¿ÆÌØ¡¢°ÝÂ׺Ͱ£µÂ¼Ó¡¤°®Âס¤ÆÂµÈ£¬ËûÃǵÄ×÷Æ·³äÂúÁ˼¤Çé¡¢ÀíÏëºÍÉñÃØÉ«²Ê¡£
ÔÚÊÓ¾õÒÕÊõ·½Ã棬ÀËÂþÖ÷ÒåÒÕÊõ¼ÒÈçµÂÀ¿ËÂåÍß¡¢¸¥ÀÊÎ÷˹¡¤Åà¸ùºÍ¿ËÀ͵¡¤ÄªÄεȣ¬ËûÃǵÄ×÷Æ·¾³£ÌåÏÖ³öÇ¿ÁÒµÄÇé¸ÐºÍ¶Ô×ÔÈ»µÄÉî¿ÌÊӲ졣ÀýÈ磬µÂÀ¿ËÂåÍߵġ¶×ÔÓÉÒýµ¼?ÈËÃñ¡·ºÍĪÄεġ¶ÈÕ³ö¡¤Ó¡Ïó¡·¶¼ÊÇÀËÂþÖ÷ÒåµÄ´ú±í×÷¡£
ÀËÂþÖ÷Òå²»?½öÔÚÒÕÊõÁìÓòÓÐ×ÅÉîÔ¶Ó°Ï죬»¹¶ÔÎÄѧºÍÒôÀÖ±¬·¢ÁËÖØÒªÓ°Ïì¡£ËüÌᳫ¸öÈË×ÔÓɺÍÇé¸Ð±í´ï£¬ÕâÒ»ÀíÄî¶ÔØÊºóµÄÏÖ´úÖ÷ÒåºÍºóÏÖ´úÖ÷Ò屬·¢ÁËÖØÒªÓ°Ïì¡£
Àì³¶ûÓë¡°ÑŵäѧԺ¡±
Àì³¶ûÊÇÁíÒ»Î»ÖØÒªµÄÎÄÒÕÔÙÆðÒÕÊõ¼Ò£¬ËûµÄ×÷Æ·¡¶ÑŵäѧԺ¡·Õ¹ÏÖÁËһȺ¹ÅÏ£À°ºÍÂÞÂíÕÜѧ¼ÒºÍÒÕÊõ¼ÒµÄÌÖÂÛ³¡¾°¡£Õâ·ù»²»µ«Õ¹Ê¾ÁËÀì³¶ûµÄ׿Խ»æ»¼¼ÇÉ£¬¸ü·´Ó¦ÁËÎÄÒÕÔÙÆðʱÆÚ¶Ô¹ÅµäÎÄ»¯ºÍÈËÎÄ˼ÏëµÄÖØÐ·¢Ã÷ºÍ×ðÖØ¡£
ÎÄÒÕÔÙÆðʱÆÚµÄ½¨ÖþÒ²µÖ´ïÁËеĸ߶ȣ¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÔÚÒâ´óÀû¡£·ðÂÞÂ×ÈøµÄʥĸ°Ù»¨´ó½ÌÌúÍÃ×À¼µÄ˹¿¨Àû¸ñ¶û¹¬ÊÇÕâһʱÆÚ½¨ÖþÒÕÊõµÄ´ú±í¡£ÕâЩ½¨ÖþÈÚºÏÁ˹ŵäÔªËØºÍÏÖ´ú?Á¢Ò죬չÏÖÁ˽¨ÖþÒÕÊõµÄ?ÃÀѧºÍ¹¦Ð§µÄÍêÃÀ½áºÏ¡£
ÎÄÒÕÔÙÆðʱÆÚµÄÒÕÊõ×÷Æ·²»¿ÉÊǼ¼ÊõÉϵĽÜ×÷£¬¸üÊÇÈËÎÄ˼ÏëºÍÎÄ»¯ÔÙÆðµÄÖØÒªÏóÕ÷¡£ÕâЩ×÷Ʒͨ¹ý¶ÔÈËÐÔ¡¢×ÔÈ»ºÍÃÀµÄÉî¿Ì̽Ë÷£¬ÆôµÏÁ˺óÊÀÎÞÊýÒÕÊõ¼ÒºÍ˼Ïë¼Ò¡£
ͨ¹ýÕâÆªÈíÎÄ£¬ÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÄÜ´øÄúÉîÈëÁ˽âÎ÷·½ÈËÎÄÒÕÊõ¾µä×÷Æ·µÄ»Ô»ÍÀúÊ·ºÍÆæÌØ÷ÈÁ¦¡£´Ó¹ÅÏ£À°µÄ?Éñ»°ÓëµñËÜ£¬µ½ÎÄÒÕÔÙÆðµÄÒÕÊõá۷壬ÿһ¼þ×÷Æ·¶¼³Ð?ÔØ×Ÿ»ºñµÄÎÄ»¯ÄÚººÍÉî¿ÌµÄÈËÎľ«Éñ¡£Ï£ÍûÕâЩ¾µä×÷Æ·ÄÜÒý·¢Äú¶ÔÒÕÊõºÍÀúÊ·µÄ¸üÉîÈëÐËȤ¡£
ÎÄÒÕÔÙÆðÒÕÊõ£ºÈËÎÄÖ÷ÒåµÄáÈÆð
ÎÄÒÕÔÙÆðʱÆÚÊÇÎ÷·½ÒÕÊõÊ·ÉϵÄÒ»¸öÖØÒª×ªÕ۵㣬ÕâһʱÆÚµÄÒÕÊõ×÷Æ·ÒÔÈËÎÄÖ÷Òå˼ÏëΪ½¹µã£¬Ç¿µ÷¸öÌåµÄ¼ÛÖµºÍÈËÀàµÄDZÄÜ¡£´ï·ÒÆæµÄ?¡¶ÃÉÄÈÀöɯ¡·ºÍ¡¶×îºóµÄÍí²Í¡·¡¢Ã׿ªÀÊ»ùÂ޵ġ¶´óÎÀ¡·ºÍÎ÷˹͢½ÌÌÃÌì¶¥»£¬¶¼ÊÇÕâһʱÆÚµÄ½Ü³ö´ú±í¡£ÕâЩ×÷Æ·²»µ«Õ¹ÏÖÁËÒÕÊõ¼ÒÃǶÔÈËÌå¡¢¿Õ¼äºÍ¹âÓ°µÄÉî¿ÌÀí½â£¬¸ü·´Ó¦Á˶ÔÈËÀàÇé¸ÐºÍÄÚÐÄÊÀ½çµÄÉî¿Ì¶´²ì¡£
¹ÅµäÎÄÃ÷£ºÒÕÊõµÄÆðÔ´ÓëáÛ·å
¹ÅµäÎÄÃ÷ʱÆÚ£¬Î÷·½ÒÕÊõµÄÆðÔ´¿ÉÒÔ×·Ëݵ½¹ÅÏ£À°ºÍ¹ÅÂÞÂíʱÆÚ¡£ÕâһʱÆÚµÄÒÕÊõ×÷Æ·ÒÔÆäÍêÃÀµÄ?±ÈÀý¡¢¾«×¼µÄ¼¸ºÎ½á¹¹ºÍ¶ÔÈËÌåÃÀѧµÄ×·Çó¶øÖø³Æ¡£¹ÅÏ£À°µÄÒÕÊõ×÷Æ·Èç¡¶Ã×ÂåµÄάÄÉ˹¡·ºÍ¡¶·ÆµÏÑÇ˹µÄÖæË¹¡·ÊÇÈËÀàÒÕÊõÊ·ÉϵIJ»Ðà½Ü×÷¡£ÕâЩµñËܲ»µ«Õ¹ÏÖÁ˹ÅÏ£À°È˶ÔÈËÌåÃÀѧµÄ?Éî¿ÌÀí½â£¬Ò²ÌåÏÖÁËËûÃǶÔÀíÏëºÍÍêÃÀµÄ×·Çó¡£
¹ÅÂÞÂíÒÕÊõÔÚ¼ÌÐøÁËÏ£À°ÒÕÊõµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ£¬ÓÖÓÐÁË×Ô¼ºµÄÆæÌØÉú³¤¡£ÂÞÂíµÄ½¨ÖþÈçÍòÉñÃí¡¢ÅÓÅà³Ç£¬ÒÔ¼°±Ú»ºÍ¸¡µñ£¬Õ¹Ê¾Á˹ÅÂÞÂíÈËÔÚ½¨ÖþºÍ×°ÊÎÒÕÊõÉϵĸßÃ÷ÎäÒÕ¡£ÕâЩ×÷Æ·²»¿ÉÊǹÅÂÞÂíÎÄÃ÷µÄÏóÕ÷£¬Ò²ÊǺóÊÀ½¨ÖþºÍÒÕÊõµÄÖØÒª²Î¿¼¡£
ÏÖ´úÒÕÊõµÄ¸ïÐÂ
½øÈë20ÊÀ¼Í£¬ÏÖ´úÒÕÊõ¿ªÊ¼´óµ¨Á¢Òì£¬Í»ÆÆ¹Å°åµÄÊø¸¿£¬×·Çóеıí´ï·½·¨¡£±Ï¼ÓË÷µÄÁ¢ÌåÖ÷Òå¡¢´ïÀûµÄ³¬ÏÖʵÖ÷Òå¡¢ÂíµÙ˹µÄÒ°À¼Åɵȣ¬¶¼ÊÇÏÖ´úÒÕÊõµÄ´ú?±íÈËÎï¡£
±Ï¼ÓË÷µÄ¡¶ÑÇάũµÄ?ÉÙÅ®¡·£¬ÒÔÆäÆæÌØµÄ¼¸ºÎÐÎÌåºÍ¶àÊӽǵÄÌåÏÖ·½·¨£¬¿ª´´ÁËÁ¢ÌåÖ÷ÒåµÄмÍÔª¡£´ïÀûµÄ¡¶Ó°ÏóµÄÓÀºã¡·ÔòÒÔÆäÃλðãµÄ»ÃæºÍ¾«×¼µÄϸ½Ú£¬Õ¹ÏÖÁ˳¬ÏÖʵÖ÷ÒåµÄ?Ææ»Ã÷ÈÁ¦¡£
ÏÖ´úÒÕÊõµÄ¸ïв»µ«ÏÞÓڻ滣¬»¹ÑÓÉìµ½µñËÜ¡¢ÉãÓ°ºÍ×°ÖÃÒÕÊõµÈ¶à¸öÁìÓò¡£°¬·ò˹µÄÐü¸¡µñËÜ¡¢¶ÅÉеÄ×°ÖÃÒÕÊõ£¬ÒÔ¼°¿¨ÄɺյÄÉãÓ°×÷Æ·£¬¶¼ÊÇÏÖ´úÒÕÊõÁ¢ÒìµÄ¹æ·¶¡£
ÔÚÎ÷·½ÒÕÊõµÄÂþ³¤ÀúÊ·ÖУ¬Ã¿Ò»¸öʱ´ú¶¼ÓÐÆäÆæÌØµÄÒÕÊõ×÷·çºÍÎÄ»¯ÄÚº¡£ÎÞÂÛÊǹŵäÎÄÃ÷µÄ»Ô»Í£¬ÕÕ¾ÉÏÖ´ú?ÒÕÊõµÄ¸ïУ¬¶¼ÔÚÕâÆ¬ÎÄ»¯µÄÍÁµØÉÏÕÀ·Å³öè貵ĹâÏß¡£±¾ÎĽ«¼ÌÐø´øÄú̽Ë÷Î÷·½37´óÈËÎÄÒÕÊõÍÆ¼ö£¬ÈÃÄúÔÚÕâ¸ö³äÂú÷ÈÁ¦µÄÊÀ½çÖУ¬ÕÒµ½ÊôÓÚ×Ô¼ºµÄÄÇһĨ¹âÏß¡£
±Ï¼ÓË÷µÄÁ¢ÌåÖ÷Òå
°Í²ªÂÞ¡¤±Ï¼ÓË÷£¨1881-1973£©ÊÇÏÖ´úÖ÷ÒåµÄ´ú±íÈËÎïÖ®Ò»£¬ËûµÄÁ¢ÌåÖ÷Òå×÷Æ·ÒÔÆäÁ¢ÒìµÄÐÎʽºÍÆæÌØµÄÊӽǶøÖø³Æ¡£¡¶ÑÇάũµÄÉÙÅ®¡·ÊÇËû×îÖøÃûµÄ×÷Æ·Ö®Ò»£¬Í¨¹ý¶ÔÎïÌåµÄ?ÆÊÎöºÍÖØ×飬չÏÖÁËÁ¢ÌåÖ÷ÒåµÄÁ¢Ò쾫Éñ¡£±Ï¼ÓË÷µÄ×÷Æ·²»µ«ÔÚÊÓ¾õÉÏÁîÈ˾ªÌ¾£¬¸üÔÚ˼ÏëÉÏÒý·¢ÁËÎÞÏÞµÄåÚÏë¡£
ÒÕÊõ¼ÛÖµÓëÎÄ»¯ÒâÒå
ÏÖ´úÎ÷·½ÒÕÊõ×÷Æ·²»¿ÉÊÇÄǸöʱ´úÒÕÊõ¼ÒµÄ´´×÷£¬¸üÊǶÔÉç»á¡¢ÎÄ»¯ºÍÀúÊ·µÄÉî¿Ì·´Ë¼ºÍÅúÅС£ËüÃÇͨ¹ýÁ¢ÒìµÄÐÎʽºÍÐÂÓ±µÄ±í´ï·½·¨£¬ÌôÕ½ÁË´«?ͳÒÕÊõµÄ½çÏÞ£¬Ì½Ë÷ÁËеÄÒÕÊõ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ¡£¶ÔÕâЩ×÷Æ·µÄ?ÉîÈëÑо¿£¬²»µ«¿ÉÒÔÈÃÎÒÃǸüºÃµØÓß½âÏÖ´úÒÕÊõÉú³¤µÄÂöÂ磬¸üÄܹ»´ÓÖлñµÃ¶ÔÏÖ´úÉç»áºÍÎÄ»¯µÄÉî¿Ì¶´¼û¡£
ͨ¹ý¶Ô¹ÅµäÒÕÊõºÍÏÖ´úÒÕÊõµÄÉîÈë½âÎö£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ¿´µ½£¬Î÷·½ÒÕÊõÔÚ²î±ðÀúʷʱÆÚºÍ²î±ðÒÕÊõÁ÷ÅÉÖУ¬²»¾øÌ½Ë÷ºÍÁ¢Ò죬ÐγÉÁ˸»ºñ¶à²ÊµÄÒÕÊõÊÀ½ç¡£Ã¿Ò»¼þ¶¥¼¶ÒÕÊõ×÷Æ·¶¼ÊÇÄǸöʱ´úÒÕÊõ¼ÒµÄÖǻۺʹ´Á¢Á¦µÄ½á¾§£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²ÊÇÀúÊ·¡¢ÎÄ»¯ºÍ˼ÏëµÄÖØÒª¼Í¼¡£ÎÞÂÛÄúÊÇÒÕÊõϲºÃÕߣ¬ÕվɶÔÎ÷·½ÎÄ»¯³äÂúºÃÆæ£¬ÕâЩ¶¥¼¶ÒÕÊõ×÷Æ·¶¼½«ÎªÄú·¿ªÒ»ÉÈͨÏòÒÕÊõºÍÎÄ»¯ÊÀ½çµÄ´°¿Ú£¬ÈÃÄúÔÚÒÕÊõµÄº£ÑóÖо¡ÇéåÛÓΡ£
У¶Ô£ºµË±þÇ¿(p6mu9CWFoIx7YFddy4eQTuEboRc9VR7b9b)


